Problems Facing University Students

Monetary Challenges Facing University Students FA120-Skills to succeed Group Creative critical thinking task By Megan Sweeney (12522637) Anna Heffernan (12743239) And Ross Swords (12344681) Word Count: 2,000 200 and eight. Substance Page Section 1: Summary | Pages 3 and 4| Section II: Details of the understudies challenge| Pages 4 and 5| Section III: Findings| Pages 5 and 6| Section IV: Possible arrangements and recommendations| Page 6| Section V: Recommendations| Page 6| References | Page 7| Section I: Summary. IntroductionAfter examining our task as a gathering we perceived what issues and difficulties might be pertinent to college understudies. We felt the subject generally pertinent to ourselves as a gathering and most of college understudies, was the money related difficulties looked by college understudies. For most understudies as they start college it is their first time living ceaselessly from home which can make issues for both the understudy and their families monetarily w ith both the significant expenses associated with sending an understudy to college and the troubles the understudy faces themselves in planning their week after week allowance.Many understudies battle to organize their cash effectively and frequently spend more cash on mingling week by week than on the basics, for example, food, and regularly there is next to zero cash left to put towards books and educational plan based exercises. With the end goal of this task and to help ourselves as understudies deal with our cash in an increasingly conservative way we have investigated the issues and arrangements which happen in the regular daily existence of an Irish college understudy. Proclamation of the understudy challengeThe budgetary troubles looked by a college researcher are achieved by the significant expense of education costs which are continually expanding because of poor administration by our past governments, the significant expense of understudy convenience for those understudie s who need to move away from home to go to college. Understudies living ceaselessly from home additionally must have a week by week recompense for fundamentals, warming and power bills, and school hardware, for example, books, number crunchers, workstations and stationary.Many understudies that don’t move away from home face high voyaging costs every week with the expense of open vehicle continually expanding as the administration climb up the costs so as to endeavor to get the nation out of downturn. The criticalness of the test We picked this point as there is as of now so much promotion being made with respect to the monetary emergency and the impact it is having on the expense of going to college which is making tremendous budgetary issues for understudies and their families going to university.The government has significantly diminished the measure of money related guide accessible for students, numerous understudies no longer get the award installment which has brought about numerous youngsters not having the option to complete their degrees. Because of the current financial atmosphere understudies are infrequently ready to make sure about a steady activity with the goal that they can bolster themselves, which powers numerous understudies to be subject to government recompenses. Again this causes budgetary issues for the understudies as the recompenses accessible to third level understudies are minimal.We needed to investigate the various backings accessible to college understudies to assist understudies with defeating their money related problem’s. Segment II: Details of the understudy challenge. For every understudy going to college the normal expense can shift altogether relying upon whether they need to move away from home, head out a significant distance to school day by day or travel a short good ways from their home to school every day. The accompanying table gives a sign of the month to month average cost for basic items in Galway a s an understudy. These expenses are a guess just as month to month costs will rely upon each person’s singular needs (NUIG Student-Life 2012).Accommodation| 340 euro| Food| 260 euro| Books/scholastic requisites| 60 euro| Clothes, laundry| 60 euro| Recreation| 180 euro| Other| 100 euro| Monthly Total| 1,000 euro| Multi month scholarly year| 9,000 euro| As the normal Irish yearly pay is â‚ ¬24,316 (Irishexaminer. ie), the expense of sending an understudy to college is more than 33% of the normal Irish yearly compensation and this is before the education costs must be paid for which in itself presents a colossal test for a family to have the option to help both the understudy and the remainder of the family.With this as a primary concern most understudies need however much assistance as could reasonably be expected to spending plan, deal with their cash and utilize the rebate and monetary plans accessible through the college. The college gives a scope of emotionally supportiv e networks to assist understudies with defeating money related difficulties they may confront. For understudies living ceaselessly from home clinical costs can be a tremendous test as new specialists can cheat understudies, understudies can likewise be confronted with the trouble of planning for clinical costs as understudies can’t foresee when they will become ill.The National University of Ireland Galway has remembered a large number of understudies from the concerns and difficulties they face as to clinical expenses as they furnish a full clinical focus with Doctors, Nurses and physiatrist gratis to all understudies in the college. â€Å"Only 10% of the understudy body is qualified for a clinical card (GMS). A clinical card qualifies the holder with the expectation of complimentary meeting, free remedies and free hospitalization. Understudies are not qualified for a clinical card except if their folks have such a card or except if they are on an award. Develop understudie s I. e. ver 24 years old could be qualified for a card in their own privilege contingent upon pay. † (NUIG Student-Life 2012). This is a splendid help administration accessible to all NUI Galway understudies regardless of what money related foundation the understudy originates from. The month to month food cost for a college understudy is 200 and sixty euro, this can fluctuate colossally relying upon whether the understudy is practical about where they shop and what they purchase. Understudies can significantly decrease their shopping costs by shopping in the less expensive grocery stores, for example, Lidl, Aldi and Tesco as opposed to littler accommodation stores which tend be considerably more costly. What's more, the way to great shopping is records †records you stick to. Never shop hungry and don’t depend on the large name retailers that your people have shopped in for a considerable length of time, walk out on brand names and just purchase own-image nourishme nts †you will spare yourself a parcel. A liter of milk from Avonmore costs â‚ ¬1. 14, a liter of Tesco milk costs 75 pennies. † (The Irish Times, September 2012). The University additionally gives hot dinners every day at just â‚ ¬5 in the college café which can be useful to understudy who don't have the opportunity to get back to eat during the day.As well as the scholarly side to undergrads likewise must have a public activity, which can turn out to be expensive and makes it harder for understudies to spending plan their cash. The titanium ents organization set up a rebate card plan to assist understudies with setting aside cash while mingling. â€Å"Galway Student Discount Card is assessed to spare a normal understudy â‚ ¬400 per semester/a normal of â‚ ¬5 every night out ( â‚ ¬2 off a taxi, â‚ ¬2 off club administrator and â‚ ¬1 off food after). At a bargain for just â‚ ¬4† (Titaniuments. ie). This is a tremendous assistance to understu dies in planning for the social side to their time in university.A enormous money related issue looked by understudies is the cost of reading material required for the educational plan a significant number of these books can cost up to â‚ ¬100 each and must be purchased shiny new as they all contain singular access codes for course work that must be finished on the web. Numerous understudies need to purchase up to five books for each semester which is a colossal cost and makes a genuine money related issue for understudies. Bank of Ireland is at present setting up plans to permit understudies to take out advances to pay for books. Segment III: Findings Currently at NUI Galway there are a few systems set up to assist understudies with living off a little financial plan and spare money.Loyalty cards, for example, the understudy association card can get understudies different limits at various shops and eateries run by the understudies association all through the school. The underst udy association card can likewise gain understudies cash, by buying things at any shop or café run by the SU. Understudies can develop credit after some time on their buys and in the end this credit can be transformed into money. NUI Galway additionally advance the titanium ents card which advances social limits for understudies, for example, free section into dance club, limits on taxicabs, and limits on cheap food take aways.In University College Dublin they offer numerous grants to understudies which can be found on www. smurfitschool. ie which is the business college in UCD. A case of one is ‘GMAT MBA Scholarship’ ‘Open to all candidates scoring over 700 on the GMAT. All grant candidates should as of now have been confessed to (have applied for, been met and offered a spot on) the full-time MBA Program before they can be considered for any of the above grants. Open to Irish inhabitants and universal candidates. ( UCD-2012) in a college on board, for example, Harvard, the offer money related guide likewise, for example, ‘Harvard College has given help to understudies who need assistance in meeting their instruction costs for more than 350 years, empowering us to search out the most extraordinary researchers on the planet and make our ways for understudies of outstanding capacity and guarantee, paying little heed to their monetary conditions. Over 60% of students will get an expected $172 million in need-based Harvard Scholarship help in 2012-13.Just in the previous five years we have expanded our budgetary guide by more than 70 percent, upgrading our program to guarantee the reasonableness of a Harvard instruction even in these difficult financial occasions. We comprehend that the idea of financing four years of school can be an overwhelming possibility for anybody,

Film Analysis of Jaws by Steven Spielberg Essay examples -- Movie Film

Film Analysis of Jaws by Steven Spielberg The movie Jaws was coordinated by Steven Spielberg from the top of the line novel by Peter Benchley. The film was set in Massachusetts resort town of Amity Island in the stature of the sea shore season. At the point when the hotel was threatened one summer off guard from an incredible white shark. John Williams made the score to Jaws, which has since gotten a notable subject to in depending fate. The film is for the most part considered probably the most frightening film at any point made. It was likewise determined to the fourth of July, Independence Day. Since on this day heaps of individuals are out and go down to the sea shore to have sea shore parties which sets the scene from being close and in the ocean. As the film begins the music starts to play unobtrusively and gradually starts to fabricate, which begins to make pressure. At that point the camera appears the perspective of the shark traveling through the weeds making the crowd realize that something is available in the water building dread. As this happens the music develops, gets stronger and quicker creation you think something will happen fabricating progressively pressure and dread of the obscure. At that point it goes to the principle opening seen which begins with the sound of a mouth organ being played on the sea shore. This takes it back to being a safe and un-dreaded condition taken the shark off the audience’s mind. We likewise observe an enormous campfire on the sea shore which makes the crowd believe that it is a warm quiet (non-undermining) condition. At that point the camera pulls back and shows a wide shot of the ocean this is a update that the shark is still close which makes some pressure. There are individuals on the sea shore and we see a young lady and kid ... ...rody on the off chance that he keeps missing. At that point ultimately Brody shoots hits the canasta in the shark’s mouth and it explodes executing the extraordinary white. This mitigates the pressure that has been developing making the crowd give a murmur of help. Also, the film gets done with an upbeat closure as Brody and the sea scholar swimming into shore. I think the most terrifying snapshot of the film was the point at which the shark was in the lake heading towards Brody’s child Michael. Since all through the film the crowd must know the family and when the shark was heading towards Michael much progressively strain. Dread and compassion was made in light of the fact that the crowd fear what the shark will do to him. Since now you have seen what harm it can do which makes the crowd significantly progressively scared of the shark and much more apprehensive for Michael. Film Analysis of Jaws by Steven Spielberg Essay models - Movie Film Film Analysis of Jaws by Steven Spielberg The movie Jaws was coordinated by Steven Spielberg from the top rated novel by Peter Benchley. The film was set in Massachusetts resort town of Amity Island in the tallness of the sea shore season. At the point when the hotel was threatened one summer off guard from an incredible white shark. John Williams made the score to Jaws, which has since gotten a notable subject to in depending fate. The film is by and large considered perhaps the most alarming film at any point made. It was likewise determined to the fourth of July, Independence Day. Since on this day heaps of individuals are out and go down to the sea shore to have sea shore parties which sets the scene from being close and in the ocean. As the film begins the music starts to play discreetly and gradually starts to manufacture, which begins to make pressure. At that point the camera appears the perspective of the shark traveling through the weeds making the crowd realize that something is available in the water building dread. As this happens the music develops, gets stronger and quicker creation you think something will happen fabricating progressively strain and dread of the obscure. At that point it goes to the primary opening seen which begins with the sound of a mouth organ being played on the sea shore. This takes it back to being a safe and un-dreaded condition taken the shark off the audience’s mind. We additionally observe an enormous campfire on the sea shore which makes the crowd feel that it is a warm quiet (non-compromising) condition. At that point the camera pulls back and shows a wide shot of the ocean this is a update that the shark is still close which makes some strain. There are individuals on the sea shore and we see a young lady and kid ... ...rody in the event that he keeps missing. At that point finally Brody shoots hits the canasta in the shark’s mouth and it explodes murdering the extraordinary white. This mitigates the strain that has been developing making the crowd give a murmur of help. What's more, the film gets done with a cheerful closure as Brody and the sea researcher swimming into shore. I think the most unnerving snapshot of the film was the point at which the shark was in the lake heading towards Brody’s child Michael. Since all through the film the crowd must know the family and when the shark was heading towards Michael significantly increasingly pressure. Dread and compassion was made on the grounds that the crowd fear what the shark will do to him. Since now you have seen what harm it can do which makes the crowd much progressively scared of the shark and significantly more apprehensive for Michael.

Remember those who serve

Remember those who serve In the days when an ice cream sundae cost much less, a 10 year-old boy entered a hotel coffee shop and sat at a table. A waitress put a glass of water in front of him. How much is an ice cream sundae? he asked. 50 ¢, replied the waitress.The little boy pulled his hand out of his pocket and studied the coins in it.Well, how much is a plain dish of ice cream? he inquired. By now more people were waiting for a table and the waitress was growing impatient. 35 ¢! she brusquely replied. The little boy again counted his coins. Ill have the plain ice cream, he said. The waitress brought the ice cream, put the bill on the table and walked away. The boy finished the ice cream, paid the cashier and left.When the waitress came back, she began to cry as she wiped down the table. There, placed neatly beside the empty dish, were two nickels and five pennies. You see, he couldnt have the sundae, because he had to have enough left to leave her a tip.

The Origins of Occidentalism - 2305 Words

To answer the question posed it necessary to first consider the development of, and what constitutes the West. Once this is achieved, we are than able to discuss occidentalism. However, the concept of orientalism, and what constitutes the orient, will first be considered as, arguably, orientalism provoked occidentalism. Thereafter, the four key features of occidentalism, identified by Buruma and Margalit (2004) will be discussed. Contemporary notions of ociddentalism, more specifically Islamic extremism will also be studied; of must importance here is if, or how, Buruma’s and Margalit’s (2004) theory of occidentalism aids our understanding of the perspective of those in resistance to the west. From 1815 to 1914 the European†¦show more content†¦There has always been opposition to the development of the west. Occidentalism creates a dehumanising picture of the west, painted by its’ enemies. Buruma and Margalit (2004) state, Occidentalism has its’ origins in the West. Buruma (2004) argues, contemporary Islamic occidentalists are not fully foreign to the West they despise; many Islamic radicals borrow their anti-western concepts from Russian and German philosophy. â€Å"People with little history and even less intellectual capacity would have no idea why the hate-and should hate-the west, let alone understand the complex, pluralistic nature of western societies and culture.† (Buruma and Margalit 2004:48) To argue that the main roots of anti-western attitudes lie in the West is to belittle and underestimate the histories, traditions and cultures of non-western societies. Anti-westernism has been rising over the past two or three decades, it is currently closely associated with Islamic extremism. The Islamic contribution to Occidentalism is a religious vision of purity in which the idolatrous west has to be destroyed (Buruma 2004). Buruma and Margalit (2004) argue there are four hostile aspects of the occidental view of the West: a hatred of the city, rationality or the loss of the soul, an anti-bourgeois attitude and anti-feminism. Those who dislike the west see it in similar terms as ‘a machine like society without a soul’ (Buruma andShow MoreRelatedA Critical Analysis Of The General Idea Of Orient Spread Of The Western World1502 Words   |  7 Pagesand how development has actually been conducted by the West. Cases of India and African countries will be illustrated as examples. Understanding the Background of Development Said’s comment help us understand the background of development. The origin of development can be truck back to the time of colonization. The 15th century was a century of ‘encounter’ to the non-European people for the Western people whose intention to acknowledge and modernize the non-Europeans was based on an idea to spreadRead MoreClass Culture Is A Real Structure Essay2296 Words   |  10 Pagesmotives and desires. Americans tend to blame themselves for their failures, or downward mobility. The chances for success are limited not just because of individual failure, but because individuals are engaged in an arena of gender, race and ethnic origins. This is known as â€Å"the hidden injuries of class†(Ortner, pg. 171) Working class and middle class practices of gender, sexual relations, and parent child relations, are forms of resistance and compliance of upward class mobility. Gender relationsRead MoreThe Chinese National Of Chinese Movies2802 Words   |  12 Pagesplight and further as a national recognition of the pride of belonging to the Chinese people. This colorful blending however does not elude critiques such as Ylu-Wal (185) who delve into the essence of being Chinese viewed from the Orientalism, Occidentalism, Nationalism and Modernity lenses. Durovicova and Newman (124) identify that the concept of national is segmented into miniature Chinese differences such as Wendy’s autonomy theme (57) the Shanghai-Hong Kong divides and is critically becoming an

A Classic Filled With Energy And Controversy - 2290 Words

A Classic Filled with Energy and Controversy â€Å"Vision is the art of seeing what is impossible to others† (Swift). This quote by author and satirist Jonathan Swift explains that a person can see beyond something that others don’t see if you put your mind to it. Jonathan Swift did exactly that when creating his famous novel, Gulliver’s Travels. Swift made this novel because he loved writing satire as well as making fun of politicians. In the eighteenth century, he was an Irish clergyman who opposed the British Parliament’s ideas and despised their increasing power over the common people. The idea of Gulliver’s Travels came about and Swift wanted to show the English people that their government was becoming overpowering and corrupt. Gulliver’s Travels is an adventurous story of a man named Lemuel Gulliver and how he sails from England on crazy journeys, encountering various people from Lilliputians to Yahoos. Throughout his novel, Swift created a puzzle for his readers to put t ogether. As Gulliver meets all of these characters and describes what he finds, the reader identifies that Swift has a unique outlook on humans in his society. In Gulliver’s Travels, Swift uses three elements including satire, utopian or dystopian societies, and irony and immortality to portray the different types of humans. Jonathan Swift was one of the best satirist of his time and his book had an astounding effect on English literature. He tried getting his point across by using sarcasm,Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Women of For Colored Girls1189 Words   |  5 Pagescreating an emotional response within the audience (Nathan, 2001).† The decision to bring this play to film caused much controversy because of the difference between film and stage acting. 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Comparative Essy Free Essays

Ferdowsi Tus’ Hakim Abul-Qasim Ferdowsi is a well-known Persian poet who lived a life that will forever be told as a heroic tale. Ferdowsi created one of the most significant literary works of Iran called the Shahnameh. By generating this national epic, Ferdowsi displayed great knowledge of the ancient legends of Persia and has passed down these historic stories to modern Persians today. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Essy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ferdowsi (940- 1020Ad) was born in Tus, a small town in North Eastern Iran, into a amily of landowners. Due to the fact that they were wealthy enough to be independent, he was expected to peruse extensive goals and high successes. However, he chose to do what he loved and perused writing poetry. He was married to a musician and has a son, who died at the age of thirty-seven, and a daughter who helped him though the tragic loss. Ferdowsi began to write his masterpiece at about the age of forty, by collecting a millennium of old oral traditions of the Iranian lateau, into heroic verses. The Shahnameh, also known as â€Å"The Book of Kings†, is the most seminal of literary Persian works in the tenth century. Containing over fifty- thousand verses, which is arguably the longest poem written by a single poet, The Shahnameh narrates the history of Persia from its creation, through to the Arab invasion, and is structured according to the mythical and historical reign of fifty Persian Kings. Mainly, one of the Epic’s most significant themes is the nature of ingship, where Ferdowsi emphasises the divine approval of Iran’s rulers, including God’s will over other countries. The Epic also highlights the malicious nature of the universe, and ones destiny. Through the actions of the heroes, it inspects the immorality of righteous actions. This epic allows readers to visualize the issues that took place in Persia and informs them of Persian culture before it was changed into something different. In addition, the Shahnameh plays a crucial role in shaping the literary state, both poetic and historical How to cite Comparative Essy, Papers

Is Old Age a Curse free essay sample

It is then children began to see their parents as burden. It is these parents who at times wander out of their homes or are thrown out. Some dump their old parents or grandparents in old-age homes and dont even come to visit them anymore. Delhi has nearly 11 lakh senior citizens but there are only 4 governments run homes for them and 31 by NGOs, private agencies and charitable trusts. The facilities are lacking in government run homes. Taking care of the old is increasingly becoming a threat to the younger generation. In our present-day society, where money is the measure of everything, the elderly are looked upon as an economic liability and a social burden. The prospect of loneliness often accompanies the process of aging. In fact, many old people, unable to bear this loneliness, commit suicide, and many are clamoring for the right to die rather than be forced to live with the indignities and hopelessness of old age. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Old Age a Curse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aging also hardens the likes and dislikes of a person—his or her prejudices, perceptions, and value judgments that refuse to acknowledge the reality of aging.Many people get extremely panicky when they become old. In their earlier years, they never paused to think of this inevitability and now they are emotionally ill prepared to accept the fact. They become fearful and depressed. Old age has become a widespread social problem in our time. Improvement in diet, technology, and medicine has increased the longevity of a person. People are living much longer than ever before. The Census Bureau anticipates that sixty-two million people, or almost one in five Americans, will be aged 65 and older by 2025,4 and that number will continue to rise as the years go by.Leaders and thinkers are struggling to find a solution for the problem of old age. There are some in the United States who are advocating the idea that there is a duty for the elderly to die, saying: It is a moral responsibility to make room for the young. As leaves fall from the trees in the fall, so old people have a duty to die. .. To have reached the age of, say, 75 or 80 years without being ready to die is itself a moral failing, the sign of a life out of touch with lifes basic realities. The author John Hardwig, in his article, Is There a Duty to Die? advocates that there already is a legal right to refuse life-prolonging medical treatment and claims that a duty to die can go well beyond that There may be a fairly common responsibility to end ones life in the absence of any terminal illness. Indeed, there can be a duty to die even when one would prefer to live. Well the above said all are famous quotes and sentences on old age said by famous writers and peoples. Well the moment we are hearing the word OLD, if there is an Indian he’ll mostly thinking of the place Old age home.Why is that? The ideas of old age homes were first proposed by western countries. In western countries the professionals who were very busy to look after their parents while working introduced the system old age homes. Well as TRYING to be more modern India also copied the same system. But the fact is that now a days the western countries identified the defects of having children without elder people care and are now thinking of elders as assets of their life. But don’t know why Indians are not seeing it as modern.The soulless Indian still thinks it’s less easy to dump their parents than looking after them†¦ For the protection of old people constitution of India has included some laws commonly called as Rights of the Elderly. They are given below†¦ Rights of the Elderly * Parents cannot be evicted from a house without due process of law if they have been staying there from before. There is three enactments that can be applied. * Under section 125 of the CrPC, a magistrate can order a child to maintain his old parents under the Maintenance of Parents Act. The Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act say an aged parent can demand maintenance from children in the same way that a wife can demand it from her husband. * The Domestic Violence Act too provides parents with the right to seek relief from any kind of abuse. A National Policy on older persons was announced in January 1999 which identified a number of areas of intervention-financial security, healthcare and nutrition, shelter, education, welfare, protection of life and property for the wellbeing of older persons in the country.

The Inferno Essay Example For Students

The Inferno Essay The Inferno, translated by John Ciardi, is a poem of Dante s immortal drama of a journey through Hell. Sensory imagery is established throughout the poem in the course of Virgil s attempt to aid Dante through the different symbolic retributions that make up the structure of Hell. Virgil is Dante s symbol of all human reason and volunteers to guide him only as far as human reason can go. Sensory imagery help create the image of events where Virgil assists Dante. He reminds and encourages Dante courage when he weeps from hearing the cries when they arrive in front of the Gate of Hell. We will write a custom essay on The Inferno specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In Canto IV, Dante is awoken by a monstrous clap of thunder, initially representing the cry of all damned souls as one from the pit of Hell. This event signals to Dante what he is about to face as he journeys along into Hell. Dante has second thoughts when he sees Virgil s pale face but Virgil reassures him that his face is just pale because he feels pity for those who are below them. In the sixth circle they hear a sound as if two continents of air clashed on in a war of winds after dealing with Medusa. Virgil called for a heavenly messenger to open the gates of Dis because human reason has its limits. The primary example of symbolic retribution is where Dante first hears the terrible noise of unending cries and wails coiled and recoiled on the starless air when he and Virgil enter the Gate of Hell, making Dante shed his own soul of tears. These cries are from the souls of the Opportunists who are uncommitted, neither rebellious against God nor faithful to Satan. They are punished by being constantly stung into movement, a never-ending rout of souls in pain due to being indecisive in life. Dante responds by crying, feeling sympathetic for the poor souls because they didn t choose between good and evil but must still be punished. In a while they come to third circle and discover the Gluttons lying in the stinking dirt where they wallow in food and drink. They made no other uses of God s gifts so they lie like garbage in disgusting slush. Later Dante finds the souls of the Fortune Tellers and Diviners in the eighth circle where he hears them weeping and sees them hideously distorted, for their face was reversed on the neck†¦ staring backwards at their loins. They attempted to look in the future and now are punished by having their heads on backwards and also by walking for eternity backwards. Attempting to know the future is a distortion of God s laws so they are forever deformed. The sensory imagery creates a more intense and imaginative view of the structure of hell. As Dante descends deeper into Hell, the sensory images become worse and worse. In the first circle, Dante hears sounds of blows, all intermingled with hoarse and shrill voices. These quiet sighs of sadness come from the Virtuous Pagans, ones who were born before Christ. They later reach the inner edge of the sixth circle and have to hide behind the cliff to get used to the foul breath coming from the seventh circle. In the seventh circle they find the Violent against their Neighbors, self-indulgent in blood in life, so they are immersed in the boiling blood, according to the degree of guilt. In the Canto, Dante approaches the end of all evil, feeling the wild and bitter wind and takes cover behind Virgil s back. This wind comes from the flapping wings of a monstrous creature, Satan, covered chest-down in solid ice and is the sole origin of all sin. Dante s journey through Hell couldn t have been more imaginative with out sensory imagery. From the silent cries of the Opportunists to the cold chill of Satan, nothing makes a journey to Hell more evil and sinful than the use of sensory imagery.

DAECHER Surname Meaning and Family History

DAECHER Surname Meaning and Family History Occupational in origin, the Daecher surname most likely derived from the Old High German word decker, denoting one who covered roofs with tile, straw or slate. The meaning of the word expanded during the Middle Ages to encompass carpenters and other craftsman and was used to refer to one who built or laid the decks of vessels From the German Decher, meaning the quantity of ten; this may also have been a name given to the tenth child. Surname Origin: German Alternate Surname Spellings:  DEKER, DECKER, DECHER, DECKARD, DECHARD, DEKKER, DEKKES, DEKK, DECK, DECKERT, DEKKES, DECKARD, DEKK, DECK, DECKERT  Ã‚   Famous People with the DAECHER Surname Jessie James Decker -  American country pop singer-songwriter and reality T.V. personalityEric Decker - American National League Football wide receiverDesmond Dekker - Jamaican  singer-songwriter and musicianThomas Dekker -  English  dramatist and pamphlet writer Where is the DAECHER Surname Most Common? The Daecher surname, according to surname distribution information from Forebears, is primarily found in the United States- especially in the state of Pennsylvania, followed by California and New York. WorldNames PublicProfiler indicates the Daecher surname is most common, as might be expected, with people living in Germany, followed by those in the United States. Within Germany, the Daecher surname is found most frequently in Hessen, followed by Nordrhein-Westfalen and Thuringen. Within the United States, the majority of the individuals with the Daecher surname are living in Pennsylvania. Genealogy Resources for the Surname DAECHER Daecher Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Daecher family crest or coat of arms for the Daecher surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. DECKER DNA ProjectMore than 100 members have joined this project for the Decker surname (and variants such as Daecher) to  work together to find their common heritage through DNA testing and sharing of information. DECKER Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Decker ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Decker ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - DAECHER GenealogyExplore over 1.3 million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Daecher surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DECKER Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Daecher surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. GeneaNet - Daecher RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Daecher surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Daecher Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Daecher surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Ancestry.com: Daecher SurnameExplore over 2.6 million digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Daecher surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Students Experiences of Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Students Experiences of Social Media - Essay Example People believe that social media is a platform, where employees can get themselves recreated and enjoy their time (Billett, 2006, p.24). It can also increase the chances of distraction from work for a longer period of time. This would finally impact the completion of an assigned work within expected time (Button, 1992, p.12). It is clear that employers are concerned about the behavior of their employees and they want to keep track of employee actions in order to increase the efficiency of employees and generate output (Henry, 2008, p.42). Productivity and employee-efficiency are the two factors that are given special interest by the employers hence, the use of social media in workplaces are not preferred by employers and managers (Chandler, 1995, p.15). According to expert opinions, social media has many real-time uses that can-not be ignored by organizations (Kotler, 2001, p.81). There are many companies, who rely on social media information because the available information related to international updates helps the companies to perform better or make their strategies accordingly (Cockburn, 1992, p.15). It has also been observed that employees need time to recreate during office hours due to which they chat with each other and talk over phone to reduce their stress. Social media can be very useful during this period for employees and it can also be beneficial for employers because employees would be motivated to sit and work more in their computers (Coiera, 2000, p.19). During productivity both the working and non-working hours are essential from the employees perspective. Implication of social media can be helpful because it can increase the working hours of employees. Employees can work without losing their focus and they can c ommunicate with each other with the help of instant messaging systems available in computers (Coiera, 2004, p.39). The instant messaging system helps employees to discuss and about an issue or give their

Corporate Level Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate Level Strategy - Essay Example However, for a department like Police, a portfolio approach will be relatively better suited. Both the approaches towards corporate strategy requires a very well thought out approach towards viewing organization amid the competition it faces in the market place. It is however, important to understand that not all firms and organizations are established for competitive purposes as public sector organizations have to actually fulfill certain responsibilities without any commercial consideration. Organizations like Police Department therefore don’t focus on maximizing the profits as most commercial organizations do however, to work efficiently and effectively, it is important that such organizations also maintain a strategic outlook. Portfolio approach to corporate strategy may focus on achieving financial synergy while allowing business units to operate independently however, it is also important for allowing business units to operate on their own. The challenge for management however is to ensure that all the business units operate according to overall corporate strategy of the firm and overall execution of strategy remains well intact. Portfolio approach for a department like Police will be a relatively better approach because Police department, as a whole, works in different units. Not all units are assigned the same roles and responsibilities however, a close integration of all the departments is considered as necessary. However, various departments also need to ensure that they operate on their own to fulfill their strategic role while at the same time maintaining required synergy. Core competencies approach is relatively strong approach however this may not be suitable for a department like Police. Core Competencies approach requires that organization generate and maintain its core competencies across the whole organization. Each department and business unit therefore is required to ensure that organizational

Relationship Of Employee Voice And Employee Performance

Relationship Of Employee Voice And Employee Performance Human resource is a very essential part of any company and the people within the company play a very important role. This paper aims at analyzing the relationship of employee voice in an organization and the employee performance. The paper will firstly deal with the various methods that the employees can express themselves and be heard. This will be followed by the importance of employee voice, and the various views that have been presented by authors about the importance. A thorough analysis of the impact of employee voice on the performance has also been made. Employee Voice: Over the years, there has been a high interest in the notion of employee voice both in terms of higher levels of performance and also better employee representation (Beardwell 1998, Sako 1998, Benson 2000; Roche, 2000). There has been a vast amount of literature that has been set down on the topic of Voice. A study by Professor Margaret has highlighted that collective voice achieves what the lone voice could never do: it humanises and civilises the workplace, arguing that collective representation is the foundation of a partnership relationship that brings positive benefits for business (Prosser, 2001). There have been several different meanings that have been set down for the term Employee voice. Each definition and explanation of the terms has provided a different view on the purpose and underlying meaning of employee voice and the need of one rather than an individual voice. For an organisation to develop and be successful it is essential there is a freedom to speak and participat e for all employees. The twentieth century has seen numerous initiatives to involve employees and has also tried to promote better performance. According to Lavelle, Gunnigle and McDonnell, have defined employee voice as, as any type of mechanism, structure or practice, which provides an employee with an opportunity to express an opinion or participate in decision-making within their organization (Lavelle, Gunnigle and McDonnell, 2010). Employee voice can be distinguished into two main types, Direct Voice: this refers to any mode of mechanism where the employees can directly involve and work with the management in various aspects like their jobs. Work environment, teams, appraisal systems, and even the meetings between the employees and the managers. Here most of the involvement of the employees is through the individual themselves rather than via any other intermediate. Indirect Voice: This form of voice is one where there is a collective employee representation and these include representation like trade unions, non union structures of collective representations like work councils, and consultative committees. There are several different mechanisms that are available for employee voice within an organization. According to the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, the various mechanisms of employee voice can be classified into two main headings, a) Upward Problem Solving and b) Representative Participation. These two also fall into the above categories that have been discussed, i.e. direct and indirect voice. The CIPD has also brought out the various mechanisms that are complementary to employee voice and these are as discussed below: Upward problem-solving or Direct Method: This refers to any technique that is adopted by the managers to gain the ideas of the employees and also to gain an opinion of the employees, This allows for a two way communication and it encourages the employees to participate by setting up through communication systems. Here the communication is more between the individual employee and the managers rather than with any kind of representatives. There are numerous methods and techniques that can be used to allow this form of communication. One of the first methods that can be used is the Electronic media. This allows disseminating and also permits for ideas to be shared and provided using an online medium. Here as compared to the face to face medium, there is very less interaction and all questions and proposals are sent out using emails. The other form of communication is a two way communication, where the staff and managers can get together and discuss their views and opinions on various is sues. These are mostly in the form of regular meeting and these not only allow for improved issue management but also work on the improvement of performance of the team as such. Here employees can suggest problem solving for issues that are faced or even discuss ideas to improve the processes. Another very famous and presently adopted method is the suggestion schemes. These allow the people to discuss and make suggestion and contribute to the growth of the team. Here however there are incentives for the contributors if the suggestions are accepted and implemented. Another very effective form of encouraging the employee voice is using questionnaire surveys. Here the company can discover the levels of satisfaction of the staff particularly in terms of work and work environment. This is a very strong way of increasing the employee voice and being able to reach out to the employees. Another effective manner of direct communication includes the project teams. Here a group of people can b e brought together on a regular basis and the team can work on discussion of the quality of work within the organization. Representative Participation or Indirect Method: This form as mentioned is more of an indirect method. Here there is no interaction between the individual employee and the managers however are more based on the employee representative and the managers. A few of the possible methods that are used in companies include as follows. The partnership scheme is one where an emphasis is made on a mutual gain and a mutual gain and a tackling the issues and problems in a cooperative manner. Another form is referred to as joint consultation. This has been expressed as, to consider issues that are deemed to be of common interest or of key importance to the parties (CIPD, 2010). Also the last form is the collective representation. This is where employees negotiate and work together work towards the pay. Here they act as employee representatives. These mechanisms only permit a better chance for the employees to voice their requirements. There is a high need for the employee voice to be heard and these have a major impact on the performance of the company and the employee themselves. The next section will deal with the impact of providing employees with a chance to have their voice heard and how it would affect the working and performance of the employees. Impact on Employee Performance: As said very rightly by Dulewicz (1989), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a basic human tendency to make judgements about those one is working with, as well as about oneself. It is noted that appraisals are inevitable and is universal. People evaluate how well a job is done to set performance standards. The process was linked to the material outcomes, i.e. if an employees performance is to less than ideal then there would be a cut in pay, however if the performance was better than the ideal level set by the supervisor, then there would be a rise in pay. In the current situation the definition of employee contribution is not only dependent on the output i.e. the end results achieved but also depends on the inputs by the employee i.e. what the employee is willing to contribute to the business. Several studies have highlighted that the performance of employees is based not only on the level of pay that they receive but also equally on the level of motivation which in turn is related directly to the level of motivation of the employees. The performance of a company and its relationship with the employee voice has been a topic of high debate over the last decade. The voices of the employees of a company affect the performance of the company directly. Performance here is in terms of two mains aspects, a) the employee performance and b) the company performance. These are inter related in a way that the better the employee performance the better will be the company performance. Human Resource Management mainly aims at ensuring that all aspects of employees from recruitment to retention are taken care of. The HR team would take all necessary steps to ensure that the employee performance is better. The HR has a very clear and very big affect on the performance of the company and t he employees, as they bare in some form a major point of contact for the employees (Boselie, Paauwe and Jansen, 2000). The HR has a direct influence on the performance of the company. Since the HR is responsible for recruitment and selection of the employees, it is completely dependent on the HR teams to select employees who would perform, also they are the ones who need to ensure that the employee needs and voice are heard and met and should also support the managers and the top management to encourage and hear the voices of the employees. This is mainly because employee performance is directly related to the needs of the employees and if an employee is not heard the employee can feel disheartened which would cause levels of distress. According to Beale (1994) employee involvement represents, a significant challenge to the traditional influence of trade unions in the workplace. Employee involvement programmes provide an alternative source of information, ideas and interpretation of workplace experiences, an alternative to that provided by the union. Employee involvement programmes actively promote a new culture in competition with the traditional explanations and culture communicated by the union (Beale, 1994). It is also essential to understand that irrespective of how much the management might try to avoid any form of unions or representative participation, the level of commitment is not seen to have increased. In the current times employees prefer to have a representative participation, i.e. part of unions, and other representative structures. Hence when a company does not allow or pay head to the employee voice through the indirect measures, it is seen that there is also a clear reduced commitment to work and lowered levels of motivation. It has also been explained by Storey and Sisson (1994), highlight the same point and explain that the enhanced worker commitment will reduce directly if the management attempts to overlook the unions and try to go in for a direct form of contact with the employees. Ackers, Marchington, Wilkinson and Dundon (2003) explain, On the other hand, where unions stand outside the EI [Employee involvement] initiative, their indifference or hostility may be a maj or reason for its failure. Social partnership theory suggests that union involvement can make EI [Employee involvement] work better, for both management and employees. The main intension of any firm is to have high performance working within the organization. Having high performance working in an organization is in a number of ways the opposite of the employment practices set down by Taylor. CIPD explain high performance working as, HPW can be characterised as everything that Taylorist employment practices are not. This is an unfair reflection on the substantial influence of F W Taylor on management thinking in the early part of the last century. However, HPW is the diametrical opposite of employment strategies based on short cycle times, skill minimization and one right way. This approach is appropriate to the high volume repetitive working usually associated with products and services sold on the basis of low cost and narrow range. HPW is better suited to product and service sectors that are at least concerned with mass customization and more often designed to meet the needs of individual customers (CIPD, 2010). Several authors over the years have provided several different views and notions on the topic of the relationship between employee voice and employee performance. Several authors also concentrate more on the direct voice effect. It has been studied that direct employee voice is relatively much more effective and than the indirect employee voice and shows higher, better and enhanced performance outcomes. Heller (1998) observed that high degrees of influence sharing are associated with a better quality and effectiveness of decisions and a significant reduction in the underuti ­lization of peoples experience and skills (p. 1439). Also Cotton et.al (1988) explains that in the case of direct voice, the employees tend to feel more satisfied and also gain a feel of involvement in the decision making. They also explain that when the employee influence is high, there is a higher level of group cohesion and the level of commitment to those decisions is noted to be enhanced and improved. In another research conducted by Bryson, Willman, Gomez, and Kretschmer (2007), the hypotheses has highlighted that there is a strong link between employee voice and HRM. This as mentioned earlier also has a direct impact on the employee and the performance of the employees. A research conducted by Freeman and Medoff (1984) and adapted Hirschmans (1970) model. Hirschmans (1970) model of exit voice has been the base of the research by Freeman and Medoff and this has mainly be done to link the union voice, higher levels of productivity and lower quit rates. Kim, MacDuffie Pil, (2009), explain, Without collective voice through the agency of worker representation, employees lack the incentive to pursue public goods, such as enhanced working conditions and workplace policies that affect the well-being of all employees, for example, grievance and arbitration procedures, just cause for discipline and discharge, and seniority clauses (Batt et al., 2002) (Kim, MacDuffie Pil, 2009). Conclusion: Based on the research and the extensive discussion that has been presented above, it is clear that the various researches that have been presented in the past it is clear that the relationship between the employee voice and productivity is ambiguous. Kim, MacDuffie Pil, (2009), explain, Union presence may lower labor productivity via restrictive work practices or lower firm investments due to lower firm profitability. On the other hand, it has also been noted that the union voice can also be associated with the adversarial relations within the industries and the if there is no clear flow of information between the workers and the management, there is also a clear lack of complete diversity in terms of the input of the workers. There have also been other findings from studies by Brown and Medoff, which suggest that the unions have a close relationship with the employee morale, needs, motivation and also cooperation (Metcalf, 2003). There have thus been several positive and negative v iews on this topic and there has not been any clear evidence on the certainty of the effect of employee voice on employee performance.

SROP Personal Statement Essay

As a young child growing up in the African countries of Cameroon and Gabon, I witnessed diseases such as malaria, cholera, tuberculosis, tetanus, and HIV/AIDS ravage villages and devastate local family members with horrible deaths. This early exposure to such suffering in my life encouraged a strong desire within me to do something useful to battle these horrific diseases. My first introduction to patient care came from voluntary work at local hospitals in Cameroon and in the United States where I worked assisting with patient transportation, providing food and water, and doing necessary tasks needed by each patient. This experience helped me develop good communication skills and medical technical skills in the hospital environment. I also had the responsibility of caring for a family member with a serious brain injury following a car accident. Assisting this family member allowed me to gain awareness of what is required when caring for patients on a day-to-day basis. These experiences allowed me to realize that not only do patients need research to provide cures for diseases, but that the patients already suffering from diseases also need adequate care. As a junior in the molecular biology program, my long-term goal is to dedicate myself to research in the fields of human biology. In order to achieve this goal, I plan to acquire a MD/PhD degree with research focusing on immunology, cardiovascular, or infectious diseases. A MD/PhD degree would enable me to combine my interest in medical patient care with the rewarding challenges of scientific investigation. The SROP program will help me prepare for a MD/PhD program by providing a platform to develop superior problem solving skills, practice research techniques, and conduct my own research project. I am determined to strive for excellence in all that I do and feel that the SROP program will give me essential tools I need to continue my quest in developing a career in the practical and theoretical aspects of the medical research field.

One Lonely Evening Essay

Do Sunflowers have a faster grow faster when watered with clean drinking water from the tap or with rain water collected outside? Hypothesis If both plants receive the same amount of water each day, then the plants receiving rain water would have a faster growth rate. This is rain water has more nutrients in it then regular drinking water. These nutrients would make the sunflowers grow at a faster rate than the sunflowers with regular water. Variables Independent: the type of water, either clean drinking water from the tap. Dependent: the growth of the sunflower. Control: Each plant will receive the same amount of water as any other. Also the plant will receive the same amount of sunlight as each other, lastly the plants will be measured and water at the same time every day. Control of Variables The way that the variables will be controlled are the plants will receive the same amount of water ( ¼ cup daily). This is to insure that they receive a proper amount for the plant to survive. The amount of light that the plants will obtain will be from the sun. The plants are to be placed in the same window to receive the same amount of lights (preferably a bay window). The plants will be measured the same time daily and also watered the same time daily so that there is no confusion that the plants could have had more growth time one day. Also, the plants will be measured with the same ruler every time they are measured to ensure the measurements are equal. Materials The materials needed for this biology lab are: * 10 sunflower seeds per type of water (total of 20) * 20 separate planters * A ruler (for measurement) * Two  ¼ cup for watering the plants * Source of rain water * Source of clan drinking water * Light source, the sun * Soil | Ruler ¼ Cup of waterSunflowerSunflower seedSoilPlanter| Method For starting the lab first place the even amount of soil into the 20 planters. After the planters are equally filled with soil dig a hole in the center of the each planter, 3 cm deep. Place the seeds into the holes that were just dug in the planters, and separate the planters into 10 rain water planters and 10 drinking water planters. When lining the planters up place the planters every other so that they will receive the same amount of light and one not the other receives more than the other (ex. Rain, Tap, Rain, Tap†¦). Be sure to place the planters to a window that receives a large amount of natural light. After the lab is all set up then the plants are to be watered with  ¼ cup every day at the same time daily (a good amount for them so they are not over watered). The seeds will take time to germinate; they should be checked every day. The measuring is to be started after the sunflowers have broken through the soil and are showing above the soil. For the lab the plants are to be measured everyday at 7pm for the growth from the previous day. After the Experiment has gone for 31 days, look at the results and calculate the average for each of the days and also calculate the standard deviations. Conclusion The following experiment supported my hypothesis of sunflowers watered with rain water will grown faster than those watered with clean drinking water from a tap. This is shown in the data I have collected; it is shown when you compare the average heights of the sunflowers during the trials. The average height of the sunflowers being watered in rain water was higher than the flowers being watered in tap water the last day the average height for the flowers watered with rain water was 19.28 cm while the flowers being watered with tap water was only 13.59. Another indication is that the error bars that are shown on the graph are not as large in the rain water as they are in the tap water and also the rain water flowers heights where closer to one  another than the flowers being watered in tap water. The flowers being watered with rain water broke the soil earlier and had a much more rapid increase in height than the flowers watered in the tap water. With all this evidence, it is clear that the experiment supported my hypothesis and rain water allows plants to grow faster than regular clean drinking water. Evaluation Evaluating Errors One of the errors is that the length of time that this experiment was conducted in. The experiment was conducted in 31 days; this amount of time was too short because it takes on average for sunflowers to germinate from7-14 days. This length of time is valuable time that is being wasted from the waiting for the flower to geminate. Another error that can be spotted in the experiment is the lighting. This experiment was done in the month of December. This month has one of the shortest day light hours which created some problems with how fast the plants grew because of the lack of light that they have received. Improvements One improvement in that can be made in my experiment is how the plants were watered. They were all watered with a  ¼ measuring cup, but it is hard to have precisely  ¼ cup for each plant. This can be better measured with a larger cup that has the labelling of  ¼ cup on it. This improvement will allow the water to be measured more precise and will allow equal measuring to each plant. The temperature of the water is another improvement that can be obtained in this experiment. The water that was given to the plants during the 31 day duration was not measured for temperature. The temperature of the water can help the plant with its growing. The way that this can be fixed is prior to watering the plants be sure to measure the temperature so that the temperature is always the same and there is no flexibility in the temperature of the water. Last improvement that could be made to allow the experiment to be more precise and accurate is for the collection of more data to occur. The way that this improvement could be placed into the experiment is by either extending the length of time of which the collection of data is recorded, another option would be to collect the data twice daily to allow more measurements to be recorded.

My Reading On Reading Disabilities, And The Impact That...

I choose to do this topic because I had a lot of problems reading during school. When I was in Kindergarten I was held but because I could not read. I had difficulties sounding out words, and putting them together to make a word. The fact is that to this day I still cannot sound out words. I read by memorizing words or typing them into the computer and use a text to voice programs. I wanted to learn more about reading disabilities, and the impact that they have on students’ education. I was lucky that my reading problems did not impact my education, and I was able to read very well. Reading is one of the most important skills that students learn in school. Being able to reading is paramount to student’s success throughout school and†¦show more content†¦In the journal article Predicting Reading Disability: Early Cognitive Risk and Protective Factors a study was completed to determine the early cognitive risks and other factors that lead a student to develop a r eading disability. The first risk factor they explored was dyslexia in families. They found that â€Å"Developmental dyslexia runs in families and the risk for dyslexia increases to about 40%† Eklund (2013). Throughout the study the researchers found some interesting facts about students’ that develop learning disabilities. Eklund (2013) states, â€Å"Students with good reading skills have more shared reading with their parent.† The conclusion of this study was â€Å" lack of task avoidance seems to act as a protective factor, importance of keeping children interested in school work and reading† is very importance is helping some students not develop reading disabilities. The study also found that â€Å"less time engaged with reading compared with peers increased risk† Eklund (2013) of reading disability. There are many different signs that a student can have a reading disability. On the PBS parents website they list signs that a student could be s uffering from a learning disability. The most common signs of a reading disability are in decoding, comprehension, or retention. Dyslexia is one of the most common decoding reading disabilities and affects about 15% of Americans. According to PBS parents, dyslexia â€Å"is a simple inability to decode